Endpoint Determination Strategy for Studying Developmental Neurotoxicity of Organophosphorus Pestic

Question

Discussion

Explain How You Would Develop An Effective Strategy For End Point Determination To Study The Developmental Neurotoxicity Of Organophosphorus Pesticides In a Cellular Model.

Organophosphorous pesticides are very common in the field of infection control in the agricultural industry. These are very effective as well. However, continuous exposure to these types of compounds leads to the human body’s toxic responses as well. It has been found that overexposure to this compound can develop irreversible inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme which is responsible for the hydrolysis neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Hence, the neurotoxic condition develops for the negative inhibition of the acetylcholine (JokanoviÃ„â€¡ 2018).

In this context, it can be stated that the development of the intervention of the control of this kind of negative condition is very much required. Thus, the factor of the determination of the developmental stages of the neurotoxicity and the endpoint of the development would be required with priority as well. In this context, the determination process should be experimented on the animal samples and there are different animal models found for this experiment. However, many papers suggest that the most prominent organophosphorus compound is chlorpyrifos (Voorhees et al., 2017). Thus, the determination of the neurotoxicity level of the chlorpyrifos would be done with the help of the biomarker construction. According to Burke et al. (2017), subacute exposure to chlorpyrifos in mice has been shown to increase, decrease, and no significant change in the locomotor activity of the mice samples. Hence, an internal assessment has been required for the determination of the neurotoxicity and the severity of the exposure. In this context, it has been seen that biomarker expressions are very effective in the process of determining the endpoint of the neurotoxicity development of the compound. Based on the views of Farahat et al. (2011), the exposure to chlorpyrifos should be comprised of the urinary trichloro -2- pyridinol which is a biomarker for chlorpyrifos exposure. Moreover, the blood cholinesterase is also considered for the indicator role of chlorpyrifos exposure to the body. Thus, it can be stated that the biomarkers are the factors that are effective in the determination of the endpoint of chlorpyrifos exposure. It can be stated that the mice and rat models have been used for the determination of the effects of the organophosphorus pesticides on the cellular models as the human and the rat cells are alike in function and organization. In this context, the test on the rats showed that the post-natal day exposure to the chlorpyrifos developed hypo locomotion or hyper locomotion and this change of locomotion is dependent on the age of the rat. It has been seen that the young rats showed hyperlocomotion and hypo locomotion among the pre-adolescent rats. Thus, based on the experiment it can be found that the chlorpyrifos exposure alters the locomotion status of the rats depending on the age of the rats. These effects of chlorpyrifos exposure can also be determined through the change in the activity of the neural cells. Moreover, it has been found that the process of the trichloro -2- pyridinol and the blood cholinesterase are also effective in the assessment of the occupational risks of the workers working directly in the field of application of chlorpyrifos (Farahat et al., 2011). The change in the levels of the earlier mentioned compounds are more effective and direct indicator of the risk of the negative effects of chlorpyrifos on the neural cells. Hence, it can be stated that the exposure to organophosphorous pesticides and the developmental endpoints can be determined through all the above-mentioned processes. Thus, the most useful and determining process can be the biomarker implementation as the biomarkers can be able to assess the negative effects of exposure to different body parts of humans. On the other hand, effective assessment can be obtained as this can be able to determine the effects of the exposure based on the comparison and biochemical changes of the body (Naughton and Terry Jr 2018). On the other hand, the process of detection is very time-consuming and cost-effective as well.

Conclusion

Based on the above discussion it can be concluded that the change can be determined with the significant changes of the biochemical functionality and the properties. In this context, it can be stated that the change in the locomotion of the samples of the test can be effective in the determination of the significant changes that are visible in the physical conditions. However, the change determination in the cellular model and cellular level would be effective with the help of the biomarker implementation or comparison. Hence, it has been found that in terms of the human model, the effective analysis of the endpoint is biomarker determination.

References

Burke, R.D., Todd, S.W., Lumsden, E., Mullins, R.J., Mamczarz, J., Fawcett, W.P., Gullapalli, R.P., Randall, W.R., Pereira, E.F. and Albuquerque, E.X., 2017. Developmental neurotoxicity of the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos: from clinical findings to preclinical models and potential mechanisms. Journal of neurochemistry, 142, pp.162-177.

Farahat, F.M., Ellison, C.A., Bonner, M.R., McGarrigle, B.P., Crane, A.L., Fenske, R.A., Lasarev, M.R., Rohlman, D.S., Anger, W.K., Lein, P.J. and Olson, J.R., 2011. Biomarkers of chlorpyrifos exposure and effect in Egyptian cotton field workers. Environmental health perspectives, 119(6), pp.801-806.